Amzica F and Steriade M . Short- and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (< 1 Hz) cortical oscillation. J Neurophysiol 73: 20-38, 1995.

Amzica F and Steriade M . The K-complex: its slow (<1-Hz) rhythmicity and relation to delta waves. Neurology 49: 952-959, 1997.

Andrade R . Blockade of neurotransmitter-activated K+ conductance by QX-314 in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 199: 259-262, 1991.

Asanuma C and Porter LL . Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats. J Comp Neurol 302: 159-172, 1990.

Asanuma C . GABAergic and pallidal terminals in the thalamic reticular nucleus of squirrel monkeys. Exp Brain Res 101: 439-451, 1994.

Avanzini G, de Curtis M, Panzica F, and Spreafico R . Intrinsic properties of nucleus reticularis thalami neurones of the rat studied in vitro. J Physiol 416: 111-122, 1989.

Bal T and McCormick DA . Mechanisms of oscillatory activity in guinea-pig nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro: a mammalian pacemaker. J Physiol 468: 669-691, 1993.

Bal T, von Krosigk M, and McCormick DA . Role of the ferret perigeniculate nucleus in the generation of synchronized oscillations in vitro. J Physiol 483 ( Pt 3): 665-685, 1995a.

Bal T, von Krosigk M, and McCormick DA . Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. J Physiol 483 ( Pt 3): 641-663, 1995b.

Bal T and McCormick DA . What stops synchronized thalamocortical oscillations? Neuron 17: 297-308, 1996.

Barret JN . Motoneurons dendrites: role in synaptic integration. Fred. Proc. 34: 1398-1407, 1975.

Bazhenov M, Timofeev I, Steriade M, and Sejnowski TJ . Self-sustained rhythmic activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus mediated by depolarizing GABAA receptor potentials. Nat Neurosci 2: 168-174, 1999.

Bazhenov M, Timofeev I, Steriade M, and Sejnowski T . Spiking-bursting activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus initiates sequences of spindle oscillations in thalamic networks. J Neurophysiol 84: 1076-1087, 2000.

Bendotti C, Hohmann C, Forloni G, Reeves R, Coyle JT, and Oster-Granite ML . Developmental expression of somatostatin in mouse brain. II. In situ hybridization. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 53: 26-39, 1990.

Benevento LA, Rezak M, and Santos A . An autoradiographic study of the projections of the pretectum in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): evidence for sensorimotor links to the thalamus and oculomotor nuclei. Brain Res 127: 197-218, 1977.

Bennett DJ, Hultborn H, Fedirchuk B, and Gorassini M . Synaptic activation of plateaus in hindlimb motoneurons of decerebrate cats. J Neurophysiol 80: 2023-2037, 1998.

Berman N . Connections of the pretectum in the cat. J Comp Neurol 174: 227-254, 1977.

Bickford ME, Gunluk AE, Van Horn SC, and Sherman SM . GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain to the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat. J Comp Neurol 348: 481-510, 1994.

Bourassa J, Pinault D, and Deschênes M . Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. Eur J Neurosci 7: 19-30, 1995.

Bourrat F and Sotelo C . Postnatal development of the inferior olivary complex in the rat. I. An electron microscopic study of the medial accessory olive. Brain Res 284: 291-310, 1983.

Brunton J and Charpak S . Heterogeneity of cell firing properties and opioid sensitivity in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Neuroscience 78: 303-307, 1997.

Chuang SC, Bianchi R, and Wong RK . Group I mGluR activation turns on a voltage-gated inward current in hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol 83: 2844-2853, 2000.

Cicirata F, Angaut P, Serapide MF, and Panto MR . Functional organization of the direct and indirect projection via the reticularis thalami nuclear complex from the motor cortex to the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis. Exp Brain Res 79: 325-337, 1990.

Cleland BG, Dubin MW, and Levick WR . Simultaneous recording of input and output of lateral geniculate neurones. Nat New Biol 231: 191-192, 1971.

Clemence AE and Mitrofanis J . Cytoarchitectonic heterogeneities in the thalamic reticular nucleus of cats and ferrets. J Comp Neurol 322: 167-180, 1992.

Conley M and Diamond IT . Organization of the Visual Sector of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus in Galago. Eur J Neurosci 2: 211-226, 1990.

Conley M, Kupersmith AC, and Diamond IT . The Organization of Projections from Subdivisions of the Auditory Cortex and Thalamus to the Auditory Sector of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus in Galago. Eur J Neurosci 3: 1089-1103, 1991.

Connors BW, Benardo LS, and Prince DA . Coupling between neurons of the developing rat neocortex. J Neurosci 3: 773-782, 1983.

Contreras D, Curro Dossi R, and Steriade M . Bursting and tonic discharges in two classes of reticular thalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 68: 973-977, 1992.

Contreras D, Curro Dossi R, and Steriade M . Electrophysiological properties of cat reticular thalamic neurones in vivo. J Physiol 470: 273-294, 1993.

Contreras D and Steriade M . Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. J Neurosci 15: 604-622, 1995.

Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, and Steriade M . Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science 274: 771-774, 1996a.

Contreras D and Steriade M . Spindle oscillation in cats: the role of corticothalamic feedback in a thalamically generated rhythm. J Physiol 490 ( Pt 1): 159-179, 1996.

Contreras D, Timofeev I, and Steriade M . Mechanisms of long-lasting hyperpolarizations underlying slow sleep oscillations in cat corticothalamic networks. J Physiol 494: 251-264, 1996b.

Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, and Steriade M . Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus. J Neurosci 17: 1179-1196, 1997.

Cornwall J, Cooper JD, and Phillipson OT . Projections to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat. Exp Brain Res 80: 157-171, 1990.

Cox CL, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . Heterogeneous axonal arborizations of rat thalamic reticular neurons in the ventrobasal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 366: 416-430, 1996.

Cox CL, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . Nucleus reticularis neurons mediate diverse inhibitory effects in thalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 8854-8859, 1997.

Crabtree JW . Prenatal development of retinocollicular projections in the rabbit: an HRP study. J Comp Neurol 286: 504-513, 1989.

Crabtree JW and Killackey HP . The Topographic Organization and Axis of Projection within the Visual Sector of the Rabbit's Thalamic Reticular Nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 1: 94-109, 1989.

Crabtree JW . The Somatotopic Organization Within the Cat's Thalamic Reticular Nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 4: 1352-1361, 1992.

Crabtree JW . Organization in the somatosensory sector of the cat's thalamic reticular nucleus. J Comp Neurol 366: 207-222, 1996.

Crabtree JW . Intrathalamic sensory connections mediated by the thalamic reticular nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 56: 683-700, 1999.

Crick F . Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81: 4586-4590, 1984.

Crill WE . Persistent sodium current in mammalian central neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 58: 349-362, 1996.

Cucchiaro JB, Uhlrich DJ, and Sherman SM . Electron-microscopic analysis of synaptic input from the perigeniculate nucleus to the A-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus in cats. J Comp Neurol 310: 316-336, 1991.

Cucchiaro JB, Uhlrich DJ, and Sherman SM . Ultrastructure of synapses from the pretectum in the A-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 334: 618-630, 1993.

Deschênes M, Madariaga-Domich A, and Steriade M . Dendrodendritic synapses in the cat reticularis thalami nucleus: a structural basis for thalamic spindle synchronization. Brain Res 334: 165-168, 1985.

Deschênes M, Bourassa J, Doan VD, and Parent A . A single-cell study of the axonal projections arising from the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 8: 329-343, 1996.

Destexhe A, Contreras D, Sejnowski TJ, and Steriade M . A model of spindle rhythmicity in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurophysiol 72: 803-818, 1994a.

Destexhe A, Contreras D, Sejnowski TJ, and Steriade M . Modeling the control of reticular thalamic oscillations by neuromodulators. Neuroreport 5: 2217-2220, 1994b.

Destexhe A, Contreras D, Steriade M, Sejnowski TJ, and Huguenard JR . In vivo, in vitro, and computational analysis of dendritic calcium currents in thalamic reticular neurons. J Neurosci 16: 169-185, 1996.

Destexhe A and Paré D . Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. J Neurophysiol 81: 1531-1547, 1999.

Destexhe A, Rudolph M, Fellous JM, and Sejnowski TJ . Fluctuating synaptic conductances recreate in vivo-like activity in neocortical neurons. Neuroscience 107: 13-24, 2001.

Destexhe A, Rudolph M, and Paré D . The high-conductance state of neocortical neurons in vivo. Nat Rev Neurosci 4: 739-751, 2003.

Devor A and Yarom Y . Generation and propagation of subthreshold waves in a network of inferior olivary neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 3059-3069, 2002.

Dolphin AC . Mechanisms of modulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels by G proteins. J Physiol 506 ( Pt 1): 3-11, 1998.

Domich L, Oakson G, and Steriade M . Thalamic burst patterns in the naturally sleeping cat: a comparison between cortically projecting and reticularis neurones. J Physiol 379: 429-449, 1986.

Draguhn A, Traub RD, Schmitz D, and Jefferys JG . Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro. Nature 394: 189-192, 1998.

Dubin MW and Cleland BG . Organization of visual inputs to interneurons of lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J Neurophysiol 40: 410-427, 1977.

Edley SM and Graybiel AM . The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta. J Comp Neurol 217: 187-215, 1983.

Edwards SB and de Olmos JS . Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: ascending projections of nucleus cuneiformis. J Comp Neurol 165: 417-431, 1976.

Eysel UT, Pape HC, and Van Schayck R . Excitatory and differential disinhibitory actions of acetylcholine in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J Physiol 370: 233-254, 1986.

Fellous JM, Rudolph M, Destexhe A, and Sejnowski TJ . Synaptic background noise controls the input/output characteristics of single cells in an in vitro model of in vivo activity. Neuroscience 122: 811-829, 2003.

Fitzpatrick D, Penny GR, and Schmechel DE . Glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J Neurosci 4: 1809-1829, 1984.

Fricker D and Miles R . EPSP amplification and the precision of spike timing in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 28: 559-569, 2000.

Gentet LJ and Ulrich D . Strong, reliable and precise synaptic connections between thalamic relay cells and neurones of the nucleus reticularis in juvenile rats. J Physiol 546: 801-811, 2003.

Gentet LJ and Ulrich D . Electrophysiological characterization of synaptic connections between layer VI cortical cells and neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami in juvenile rats. Eur J Neurosci 19: 625-633, 2004.

Graybiel AM and Elde RP . Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity characterizes neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami in the cat and monkey. J Neurosci 3: 1308-1321, 1983.

Guillery RW . Anatomical evidence concerning the role of the thalamus in corticocortical communication: a brief review. J Anat 187 ( Pt 3): 583-592, 1995.

Guillery RW, Feig SL, and Lozsadi DA . Paying attention to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Trends Neurosci 21: 28-32, 1998.

Hale PT, Sefton AJ, Baur LA, and Cottee LJ . Interrelations of the rat's thalamic reticular and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. Exp Brain Res 45: 217-229, 1982.

Harting JK, Van Lieshout DP, and Feig S . Connectional studies of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus: distribution of axons arising from the thalamic reticular nucleus of Galago crassicaudatus. J Comp Neurol 310: 411-427, 1991.

Hartings JA, Temereanca S, and Simons DJ . High responsiveness and direction sensitivity of neurons in the rat thalamic reticular nucleus to vibrissa deflections. J Neurophysiol 83: 2791-2801, 2000.

Hendrickson AE, Ogren MP, Vaughn JE, Barber RP, and Wu JY . Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in monkey geniculate complex: evidence for gabaergic neurons and synapses. J Neurosci 3: 1245-1262, 1983.

Hendry SH, Jones EG, Hockfield S, and McKay RD . Neuronal populations stained with the monoclonal antibody Cat-301 in the mammalian cerebral cortex and thalamus. J Neurosci 8: 518-542, 1988.

Heyward P, Ennis M, Keller A, and Shipley MT . Membrane bistability in olfactory bulb mitral cells. J Neurosci 21: 5311-5320, 2001.

Hille B . Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes . Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1992.

Hille B . Modulation of ion-channel function by G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci 17: 531-536, 1994.

Hirsch JC, Fourment A, and Marc ME . Electrophysiological study of the perigeniculate region during natural sleep in the cat. Exp Neurol 77: 436-454, 1982.

Ho N and Destexhe A . Synaptic background activity enhances the responsiveness of neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 84: 1488-1496, 2000.

Houser CR, Vaughn JE, Barber RP, and Roberts E . GABA neurons are the major cell type of the nucleus reticularis thalami. Brain Res 200: 341-354, 1980.

Hoyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M, Epelbaum J, Feniuk W, Humphrey PP, O'Carroll AM, Patel YC, Schonbrunn A, Taylor JE, and et al. Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16: 86-88, 1995.

Hughes SW, Cope DW, Toth TI, Williams SR, and Crunelli V . All thalamocortical neurones possess a T-type Ca2+ 'window' current that enables the expression of bistability-mediated activities. J Physiol 517 ( Pt 3): 805-815, 1999.

Hughes SW, Blethyn KL, Cope DW, and Crunelli V . Properties and origin of spikelets in thalamocortical neurones in vitro. Neuroscience 110: 395-401, 2002.

Huguenard JR and Prince DA . A novel T-type current underlies prolonged Ca(2+)-dependent burst firing in GABAergic neurons of rat thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 12: 3804-3817, 1992.

Huguenard JR and Prince DA . Intrathalamic rhythmicity studied in vitro: nominal T-current modulation causes robust antioscillatory effects. J Neurosci 14: 5485-5502, 1994.

Huguenard JR . Low-threshold calcium currents in central nervous system neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 58: 329-348, 1996.

Ide LS . The fine structure of the perigeniculate nucleus in the cat. J Comp Neurol 210: 317-334, 1982.

Jones EG . Some aspects of the organization of the thalamic reticular complex. J Comp Neurol 162: 285-308, 1975a.

Jones EG . Lamination and differential distribution of thalamic afferents within the sensory-motor cortex of the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 160: 167-203, 1975b.

Jones EG . The Thalamus . New York: Plenum, 1985.

Jones EG . Thalamic circuitry and thalamocortical synchrony. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357: 1659-1673, 2002.

Jones HE and Sillito AM . The length-response properties of cells in the feline perigeniculate nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 6: 1199-1204, 1994.

Kim U, Bal T, and McCormick DA . Spindle waves are propagating synchronized oscillations in the ferret LGNd in vitro. J Neurophysiol 74: 1301-1323, 1995.

Kim U, Sanchez-Vives MV, and McCormick DA . Functional dynamics of GABAergic inhibition in the thalamus. Science 278: 130-134, 1997.

Kim U and McCormick DA . Functional and ionic properties of a slow afterhyperpolarization in ferret perigeniculate neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 80: 1222-1235, 1998.

Kultas-Ilinsky K, Yi H, and Ilinsky IA . Nucleus reticularis thalami input to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the monkey: a light and electron microscopic study. Neurosci Lett 186: 25-28, 1995.

Landisman CE, Long MA, Beierlein M, Deans MR, Paul DL, and Connors BW . Electrical synapses in the thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 22: 1002-1009, 2002.

Lee KH and McCormick DA . Modulation of spindle oscillations by acetylcholine, cholecystokinin and 1S,3R-ACPD in the ferret lateral geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei in vitro. Neuroscience 77: 335-350, 1997.

Levey AI, Hallanger AE, and Wainer BH . Cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons may influence the cortex via the thalamus. Neurosci Lett 74: 7-13, 1987.

Leznik E, Makarenko V, and Llinás R . Electrotonically mediated oscillatory patterns in neuronal ensembles: an in vitro voltage-dependent dye-imaging study in the inferior olive. J Neurosci 22: 2804-2815, 2002.

Liu XB, Warren RA, and Jones EG . Synaptic distribution of afferents from reticular nucleus in ventroposterior nucleus of cat thalamus. J Comp Neurol 352: 187-202, 1995.

Liu XB and Jones EG . Predominance of corticothalamic synaptic inputs to thalamic reticular nucleus neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol 414: 67-79, 1999.

Llinás R and Sugimori M . Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices. J Physiol 305: 197-213, 1980a.

Llinás R and Sugimori M . Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell somata in mammalian cerebellar slices. J Physiol 305: 171-195, 1980b.

Loewenstein Y, Yarom Y, and Sompolinsky H . The generation of oscillations in networks of electrically coupled cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 8095-8100, 2001.

Long MA, Landisman CE, and Connors BW . Small clusters of electrically coupled neurons generate synchronous rhythms in the thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 24: 341-349, 2004.

Lozsadi DA . Organization of cortical afferents to the rostral, limbic sector of the rat thalamic reticular nucleus. J Comp Neurol 341: 520-533, 1994.

Lozsadi DA . Organization of connections between the thalamic reticular and the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. J Comp Neurol 358: 233-246, 1995.

Lubke J . Morphology of neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) of mammals as revealed by intracellular injections into fixed brain slices. J Comp Neurol 329: 458-471, 1993.

Magee JC . Dendritic integration of excitatory synaptic input. Nat Rev Neurosci 1: 181-190, 2000.

Makarenko V and Llinás R . Experimentally determined chaotic phase synchronization in a neuronal system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 15747-15752, 1998.

Martina M, Vida I, and Jonas P . Distal initiation and active propagation of action potentials in interneuron dendrites. Science 287: 295-300, 2000.

McCormick DA and Pape HC . Properties of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current and its role in rhythmic oscillation in thalamic relay neurones. J Physiol 431: 291-318, 1990.

McCormick DA, Trent F, and Ramoa AS . Postnatal development of synchronized network oscillations in the ferret dorsal lateral geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei. J Neurosci 15: 5739-5752, 1995.

McCormick DA and Bal T . Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 20: 185-215, 1997.

McCormick DA, Shu Y, Hasenstaub A, Sanchez-Vives M, Badoual M, and Bal T . Persistent cortical activity: mechanisms of generation and effects on neuronal excitability. Cereb Cortex 13: 1219-1231, 2003.

Mitchell SJ and Silver RA . Shunting inhibition modulates neuronal gain during synaptic excitation. Neuron 38: 433-445, 2003.

Mitrofanis J and Baker GE . Development of the thalamic reticular and perireticular nuclei in rats and their relationship to the course of growing corticofugal and corticopetal axons. J Comp Neurol 338: 575-587, 1993.

Mitrofanis J and Guillery RW . New views of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the adult and the developing brain. Trends Neurosci 16: 240-245, 1993.

Molinari M, Hendry SH, and Jones EG . Distributions of certain neuropeptides in the primate thalamus. Brain Res 426: 270-289, 1987.

Montero VM, Guillery RW, and Woolsey CN . Retinotopic organization within the thalamic reticular nucleus demonstrated by a double label autoradiographic technique. Brain Res 138: 407-421, 1977.

Montero VM . Ultrastructural identification of synaptic terminals from cortical axons and from collateral axons of geniculo-cortical relay cells in the perigeniculate nucleus of the cat. Exp Brain Res 75: 65-72, 1989.

Morris BJ . Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 290: 358-368, 1989.

Mukhametov LM, Rizzolatti G, and Tradardi V . Spontaneous activity of neurones of nucleus reticularis thalami in freely moving cats. J Physiol 210: 651-667, 1970.

Mulle C, Madariaga A, and Deschênes M . Morphology and electrophysiological properties of reticularis thalami neurons in cat: in vivo study of a thalamic pacemaker. J Neurosci 6: 2134-2145, 1986.

Nauta HJ . Projections of the pallidal complex: an autoradiographic study in the cat. Neuroscience 4: 1853-1873, 1979.

Oertel WH, Graybiel AM, Mugnaini E, Elde RP, Schmechel DE, and Kopin IJ . Coexistence of glutamic acid decarboxylase- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of the feline nucleus reticularis thalami. J Neurosci 3: 1322-1332, 1983.

Ohara PT and Lieberman AR . The thalamic reticular nucleus of the adult rat: experimental anatomical studies. J Neurocytol 14: 365-411, 1985.

Paré D, Steriade M, Deschênes M, and Oakson G . Physiological characteristics of anterior thalamic nuclei, a group devoid of inputs from reticular thalamic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 57: 1669-1685, 1987.

Paré D, Smith Y, Parent A, and Steriade M . Projections of brainstem core cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of cat to intralaminar and reticular thalamic nuclei. Neuroscience 25: 69-86, 1988.

Paré D and Steriade M . The reticular thalamic nucleus projects to the contralateral dorsal thalamus in macaque monkey. Neurosci Lett 154: 96-100, 1993.

Parent A and Steriade M . Midbrain tegmental projections of nucleus reticularis thalami of cat and monkey: a retrograde transport and antidromic invasion study. J Comp Neurol 229: 548-558, 1984.

Partridge LD and Swandulla D . Calcium-activated non-specific cation channels. Trends Neurosci 11: 69-72, 1988.

Pedroarena C and Llinás R . Dendritic calcium conductances generate high-frequency oscillation in thalamocortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 724-728, 1997.

Peinado JM, Gomez-Capilla JA, Mora F, and Osorio C . Putative amino acid neurotransmitters and the nucleus dorsomedialis thalamus-prefrontal cortex pathway in the rat. Brain Res Bull 10: 421-424, 1983.

Penny GR, Conley M, Schmechel DE, and Diamond IT . The distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the diencephalon of the opossum and rabbit. J Comp Neurol 228: 38-56, 1984.

Petersen CC, Grinvald A, and Sakmann B . Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltage-sensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions. J Neurosci 23: 1298-1309, 2003.

Pinault D, Bourassa J, and Deschênes M . The axonal arborization of single thalamic reticular neurons in the somatosensory thalamus of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 7: 31-40, 1995a.

Pinault D, Bourassa J, and Deschênes M . Thalamic reticular input to the rat visual thalamus: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. Brain Res 670: 147-152, 1995b.

Pinault D, Smith Y, and Deschênes M . Dendrodendritic and axoaxonic synapses in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the adult rat. J Neurosci 17: 3215-3233, 1997.

Pinault D and Deschênes M . Projection and innervation patterns of individual thalamic reticular axons in the thalamus of the adult rat: a three-dimensional, graphic, and morphometric analysis. J Comp Neurol 391: 180-203, 1998a.

Pinault D and Deschênes M . Anatomical evidence for a mechanism of lateral inhibition in the rat thalamus. Eur J Neurosci 10: 3462-3469, 1998b.

Raczkowski D and Fitzpatrick D . Organization of cholinergic synapses in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei. J Comp Neurol 288: 676-690, 1989.

Rall W . The Theoretical Foundation of Dendritic Function : MA:MIT Press, 1995.

Rinvik E, Ottersen OP, and Storm-Mathisen J . Gamma-aminobutyrate-like immunoreactivity in the thalamus of the cat. Neuroscience 21: 781-805, 1987.

Robson JA and Martin-Elkins CL . The effects of monocular deprivation on the size of GAD+ neurons in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 239: 62-74, 1985.

Rose JE . Some modern aspects of the functional anatomy of the thalamus. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 120: 378-387, 1950.

Sanchez-Vives MV and McCormick DA . Functional properties of perigeniculate inhibition of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus thalamocortical neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 17: 8880-8893, 1997.

Scheibel ME and Scheibel AB . The organization of the nucleus reticularis thalami: a Golgi study. Brain Res 1: 43-62, 1966.

Scheibel ME and Scheibel AB . Structural organization of nonspecific thalamic nuclei and their projection toward cortex. Brain Res 6: 60-94, 1967.

Schiller J, Major G, Koester HJ, and Schiller Y . NMDA spikes in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. Nature 404: 285-289, 2000.

Schwindt P and Crill W . Mechanisms underlying burst and regular spiking evoked by dendritic depolarization in layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 81: 1341-1354, 1999.

Shibata H . Topographic organization of subcortical projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. J Comp Neurol 323: 117-127, 1992.

Shosaku A and Sumitomo I . Auditory neurons in the rat thalamic reticular nucleus. Exp Brain Res 49: 432-442, 1983.

Shosaku A, Kayama Y, and Sumitomo I . Somatotopic organization in the rat thalamic reticular nucleus. Brain Res 311: 57-63, 1984.

Shosaku A . A comparison of receptive field properties of vibrissa neurons between the rat thalamic reticular and ventro-basal nuclei. Brain Res 347: 36-40, 1985.

Shu Y and McCormick DA . Inhibitory interactions between ferret thalamic reticular neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 2571-2576, 2002.

Sillito AM and Kemp JA . The influence of GABAergic inhibitory processes on the receptive field structure of X and Y cells in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Brain Res 277: 63-77, 1983.

Singer W . Control of thalamic transmission by corticofugal and ascending reticular pathways in the visual system. Physiol Rev 57: 386-420, 1977.

Spreafico R, de Curtis M, Frassoni C, and Avanzini G . Electrophysiological characteristics of morphologically identified reticular thalamic neurons from rat slices. Neuroscience 27: 629-638, 1988.

Stacey WC and Durand DM . Synaptic noise improves detection of subthreshold signals in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurophysiol 86: 1104-1112, 2001.

Steriade M and Wyzinski P . Cortically elicited activities in thalamic reticularis neurons. Brain Res 42: 514-520, 1972.

Steriade M, Oakson G, and Ropert N . Firing rates and patterns of midbrain reticular neurons during steady and transitional states of the sleep-waking cycle. Exp Brain Res 46: 37-51, 1982.

Steriade M, Parent A, and Hada J . Thalamic projections of nucleus reticularis thalami of cat: a study using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers. J Comp Neurol 229: 531-547, 1984.

Steriade M, Deschênes M, Domich L, and Mulle C . Abolition of spindle oscillations in thalamic neurons disconnected from nucleus reticularis thalami. J Neurophysiol 54: 1473-1497, 1985.

Steriade M, Domich L, and Oakson G . Reticularis thalami neurons revisited: activity changes during shifts in states of vigilance. J Neurosci 6: 68-81, 1986.

Steriade M, Domich L, Oakson G, and Deschênes M . The deafferented reticular thalamic nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity. J Neurophysiol 57: 260-273, 1987a.

Steriade M, Parent A, Paré D, and Smith Y . Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of cat basal forebrain project to reticular and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. Brain Res 408: 372-376, 1987b.

Steriade M, Jones EG, and Llinás RR . Thalamic oscillations and signaling . New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1990.

Steriade M, Curro Dossi R, and Contreras D . Electrophysiological properties of intralaminar thalamocortical cells discharging rhythmic (approximately 40 HZ) spike-bursts at approximately 1000 HZ during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Neuroscience 56: 1-9, 1993a.

Steriade M, McCormick DA, and Sejnowski TJ . Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262: 679-685, 1993b.

Steriade M and Contreras D . Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular events during transition from sleep patterns to paroxysmal activity. J Neurosci 15: 623-642, 1995.

Steriade M, Jones EG, and McCormick DA . Thalamus . Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1997.

Steriade M . The intact and sliced bran . MA: The MIT Press, 2001.

Steriade M, Timofeev I, and Grenier F . Natural waking and sleep states: a view from inside neocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 85: 1969-1985, 2001.

Sugitani M . Electrophysiological and sensory properties of the thalamic reticular neurones related to somatic sensation in rats. J Physiol 290: 79-95, 1979.

Sun QQ, Akk G, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . Differential regulation of GABA release and neuronal excitability mediated by neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors in rat thalamic neurons. J Physiol 531: 81-94, 2001a.

Sun QQ, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . Neuropeptide Y receptors differentially modulate G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels and high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat thalamic neurons. J Physiol 531: 67-79, 2001b.

Sun QQ, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . Somatostatin inhibits thalamic network oscillations in vitro: actions on the GABAergic neurons of the reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 22: 5374-5386, 2002.

Swandulla D and Lux HD . Activation of a nonspecific cation conductance by intracellular Ca2+ elevation in bursting pacemaker neurons of Helix pomatia. J Neurophysiol 54: 1430-1443, 1985.

Swanson LW and Hartman BK . The central adrenergic system. An immunofluorescence study of the location of cell bodies and their efferent connections in the rat utilizing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase as a marker. J Comp Neurol 163: 467-505, 1975.

Tamas G, Buhl EH, Lorincz A, and Somogyi P . Proximally targeted GABAergic synapses and gap junctions synchronize cortical interneurons. Nat Neurosci 3: 366-371, 2000.

Temereanca S and Simons DJ . Functional topography of corticothalamic feedback enhances thalamic spatial response tuning in the somatosensory whisker/barrel system. Neuron 41: 639-651, 2004.

Timofeev I, Contreras D, and Steriade M . Synaptic responsiveness of cortical and thalamic neurones during various phases of slow sleep oscillation in cat. J Physiol 494: 265-278, 1996.

Timofeev I and Steriade M . Cellular mechanisms underlying intrathalamic augmenting responses of reticular and relay neurons. J Neurophysiol 79: 2716-2729, 1998.

Timofeev I, Bazhenov M, Sejnowski TJ, and Steriade M . Contribution of intrinsic and synaptic factors in the desynchronization of thalamic oscillatory activity. Thalamus & Related Systems 1: 53-69, 2001.

Toth TI, Hughes SW, and Crunelli V . Analysis and biophysical interpretation of bistable behaviour in thalamocortical neurons. Neuroscience 87: 519-523, 1998.

Traub RD, Schmitz D, Jefferys JG, and Draguhn A . High-frequency population oscillations are predicted to occur in hippocampal pyramidal neuronal networks interconnected by axoaxonal gap junctions. Neuroscience 92: 407-426, 1999a.

Traub RD, Whittington MA, Buhl EH, Jefferys JG, and Faulkner HJ . On the mechanism of the gamma --> beta frequency shift in neuronal oscillations induced in rat hippocampal slices by tetanic stimulation. J Neurosci 19: 1088-1105, 1999b.

Uhlrich DJ, Cucchiaro JB, Humphrey AL, and Sherman SM . Morphology and axonal projection patterns of individual neurons in the cat perigeniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol 65: 1528-1541, 1991.

Uhlrich DJ and Manning KA . Projection of individual axons from the pretectum to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in the cat. J Comp Neurol 363: 147-159, 1995.

Ulrich D and Huguenard JR . GABAB receptor-mediated responses in GABAergic projection neurones of rat nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro. J Physiol 493 ( Pt 3): 845-854, 1996a.

Ulrich D and Huguenard JR . Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor-dependent burst-firing in thalamic neurons: a dynamic clamp study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 13245-13249, 1996b.

Villa AE . Physiological differentiation within the auditory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus of the cat. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 15: 25-40, 1990.

von Krosigk M, Bal T, and McCormick DA . Cellular mechanisms of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. Science 261: 361-364, 1993.

Wang XJ and Rinzel J . Spindle rhythmicity in the reticularis thalami nucleus: synchronization among mutually inhibitory neurons. Neuroscience 53: 899-904, 1993.

Warren RA and Jones EG . Glutamate activation of cat thalamic reticular nucleus: effects on response properties of ventroposterior neurons. Exp Brain Res 100: 215-226, 1994.

Waters J, Larkum M, Sakmann B, and Helmchen F . Supralinear Ca2+ influx into dendritic tufts of layer 2/3 neocortical pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 23: 8558-8567, 2003.

Welsh JP and Llinás R . Some organizing principles for the control of movement based on olivocerebellar physiology. Prog Brain Res 114: 449-461, 1997.

Williams SR, Toth TI, Turner JP, Hughes SW, and Crunelli V . The 'window' component of the low threshold Ca2+ current produces input signal amplification and bistability in cat and rat thalamocortical neurones. J Physiol 505 ( Pt 3): 689-705, 1997.

Williamson AM, Ohara PT, and Ralston HJ, 3rd . Electron microscopic evidence that cortical terminals make direct contact onto cells of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res 631: 175-179, 1993.

Williamson AM, Ohara PT, Ralston DD, Milroy AM, and Ralston HJ, 3rd . Analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic synaptic contacts in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the monkey. J Comp Neurol 349: 182-192, 1994.

Woolf NJ and Butcher LL . Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: III. Projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum to the thalamus, tectum, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain. Brain Res Bull 16: 603-637, 1986.

Yamada M, Inanobe A, and Kurachi Y . G protein regulation of potassium ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 50: 723-760, 1998.

Yen CT, Conley M, Hendry SH, and Jones EG . The morphology of physiologically identified GABAergic neurons in the somatic sensory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat. J Neurosci 5: 2254-2268, 1985.

Zhang SJ, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA . GABAA receptor-mediated Cl- currents in rat thalamic reticular and relay neurons. J Neurophysiol 78: 2280-2286, 1997.